MASTER IN ENGLISH
Term-End Examination
June, 2021 MEG-7 : INDIAN ENGLISH LITERATURE
Time : 3 hours Maximum Marks : 100
Note : Answer all questions. All questions carry equal marks.
1. Explain with reference to the context any four of the following passages in about 150 words each : 4×5=20
(a) Neglected, mute, and desolate art thou, Like ruined monument on desert plain.
Ans:
These lines appear to convey a sense of abandonment, silence, and desolation. The use of words like "neglected," "mute," and "desolate" suggests a state of neglect or abandonment, possibly referring to a person, a place, or an idea. The comparison to a "ruined monument on a desert plain" reinforces the idea of something once significant or majestic now lying in decay and isolation.
The imagery evokes a powerful sense of loneliness, isolation, and perhaps a loss of purpose or meaning. The choice of words and the vivid description contribute to a melancholic tone, inviting readers to contemplate themes of decay, abandonment, and the passage of time.
(b)
Love came to Flora asking for a flower
That would of flowers be undisputed queen, The lily and the rose, long, long had been Rivals for that high honour.
Ans:
These lines appear to depict a scene where love approaches Flora, the goddess of flowers, seeking a flower to be acknowledged as the unrivaled queen among all flowers. The mention of the lily and the rose as longstanding rivals for this prestigious title suggests a poetic competition between these two iconic flowers.
The imagery of the lily and the rose as contenders for the title of undisputed queen conveys a sense of beauty, grace, and symbolic significance. The choice of these specific flowers may carry cultural or symbolic meanings depending on the context of the poem or the literary work.
The lines evoke a theme of rivalry and competition in the realm of nature, using flowers as symbols of beauty and excellence. The poem may further explore the qualities of each flower and the characteristics that make them worthy of such a lofty title.
(c) Voice of infinity, sound in my heart, –
Call of the One !
Stamp there thy radiance, never to part,
O living Sun.
Ans: These lines express a deep and spiritual sentiment, invoking the idea of a transcendent and eternal voice, often associated with infinity or the divine. The "Voice of infinity" suggests a profound, limitless resonance that resonates within the speaker's heart.
The reference to the "One" indicates a singular, cosmic force or divinity. The speaker is calling for the imprint of this divine presence to be marked permanently within their heart, symbolizing a desire for a lasting connection with the infinite.
The imagery of stamping the radiance of the living Sun in the heart implies a desire for an enduring and vibrant spiritual enlightenment. The Sun is often a symbol of illumination, life, and energy, and here it is invoked as a source of divine light and vitality.
Overall, these lines convey a sense of spiritual yearning, a desire for a profound connection with a transcendent reality, and a wish for the enduring presence of divine radiance within the speaker's inner being.
(d) A poet-rascal-clown was born,
The frightened child who would not eat
Or sleep, a boy of meagre bone.
Ans: These lines paint a vivid picture of a peculiar and perhaps challenging childhood, describing a person who is both a poet and, intriguingly, a "rascal-clown." The use of the term "poet" suggests a creative and expressive nature, while "rascal" and "clown" introduce elements of mischief and humor.
The mention of a "frightened child who would not eat or sleep" hints at a troubled or sensitive disposition. The description of the boy as having "meagre bone" suggests a frail or physically delicate nature.
The combination of these elements creates a complex and multifaceted character. The poet-rascal-clown appears to embody a blend of creativity, mischievousness, and vulnerability. The lines suggest a challenging and perhaps unconventional upbringing, with the poet's early experiences shaping their identity in a unique way.
The use of poetic language adds depth to the portrayal, inviting readers to explore the nuances of the poet's character and the circumstances that influenced their development.
(e) Dress in sarees, be girl
Be wife, they said. Be embroiderer,
be cook,
Be a quarreller with servants.
Ans:These lines appear to capture societal expectations and traditional roles imposed on women. The instructions to "dress in sarees" and to "be a girl" suggest adherence to cultural norms and gender-specific expectations. The subsequent directives, such as "be a wife," "be an embroiderer," and "be a cook," further reinforce traditional gender roles that confine women to domestic and stereotypical responsibilities.
The line "be a quarreller with servants" introduces an additional dimension, highlighting the power dynamics within the household and the expectation for women to manage domestic affairs, including interactions with household help.
These verses seem to critique and reflect on the limitations imposed on women, emphasizing the societal pressure to conform to prescribed roles rather than allowing them the freedom to pursue a diverse range of interests and roles outside traditional gender expectations. The repetition of "be" in each directive emphasizes the imposition of these roles, suggesting a sense of constraint and conformity.
(f) The new poets still quoted
the old poets, but no one spoke
in verse
of the pregnant woman
drowned, with perhaps twins in her
kicking at blank walls
even before birth.
Ans:
These lines depict a poignant and possibly unsettling image. The mention of "new poets still quoted the old poets" suggests a continuation of literary tradition and influence, but the subsequent lines take a darker turn.
The description of a "pregnant woman drowned, with perhaps twins in her" is a stark and tragic image. The phrase "kicking at blank walls even before birth" adds a heartbreaking dimension, highlighting the potential for life and vitality that is lost in a deeply distressing manner.
This imagery may serve as a commentary on the harsh realities of life, possibly addressing themes of tragedy, injustice, or the silent suffering of certain individuals. The contrast between the continuation of literary tradition and the grim subject matter being unspoken in verse creates a powerful tension.
These lines seem to evoke a sense of discomfort and reflection, prompting readers to consider the darker aspects of human experience that may go unnoticed or unaddressed in the broader cultural conversation. The use of poetic language adds depth to the portrayal, emphasizing the emotional weight of the subject matter.
(g) Her last wish to be cremated here
twisting uncertainly like light
on the shifting sands.
Ans:
These lines evoke a contemplative and perhaps metaphorical image. The mention of "her last wish to be cremated here" implies a final desire or request related to the end of someone's life. Cremation is a common funeral practice, and the use of "here" suggests a specific location or setting.
The metaphor "twisting uncertainly like light on the shifting sands" introduces a sense of ambiguity and transience. The comparison to light suggests fragility or fleetingness, and the image of shifting sands implies instability and impermanence.
This poetic language may symbolize the uncertainty and delicate nature of the final wishes, adding a layer of complexity and emotion to the contemplation of mortality. The shifting sands could also represent the fluidity of life and the inevitability of change.
Overall, these lines convey a sense of reflection on the impermanence of life and the delicate, uncertain nature of final wishes, using vivid imagery to capture the complexities of mortality.
2. Discuss the Mulk Raj Anand’s Untouchable as a Gandhian novel. 20
Ans: "Untouchable" by Mulk Raj Anand is often considered a Gandhian novel due to its thematic exploration of social issues and its alignment with Mahatma Gandhi's philosophy and principles. Here are some aspects that contribute to its classification as a Gandhian novel:
"In my reading of 'Untouchable' by Mulk Raj Anand, I find a profound resonance with Gandhian principles. The novel places a spotlight on the social issues prevalent in pre-independence India, particularly untouchability. Much like Mahatma Gandhi's vision, the narrative weaves a tale of social reform, advocating for the upliftment of the oppressed.
The central character, Bakha, becomes a living embodiment of nonviolence, a core tenet of Gandhi's philosophy. Despite facing discrimination and cruelty due to his caste, Bakha's responses consistently reflect a commitment to nonviolence, mirroring Gandhi's teachings on peaceful resistance.
The novel also echoes Gandhi's call for social equality. Bakha's quest for dignity and fairness parallels Gandhi's own struggle against caste-based discrimination. The story becomes a canvas on which the urgent need for social reform is painted, challenging the entrenched prejudices within society.
I appreciate how Mulk Raj Anand, like Gandhi, delves into the spiritual dimensions of the characters. The emotional experiences of the individuals in 'Untouchable' add depth to the narrative, connecting with Gandhi's belief in the interconnectedness of all beings.
Additionally, the rural setting of the novel aligns with Gandhi's emphasis on revitalizing village life. 'Untouchable' captures the challenges faced by the Dalit community in rural settings, emphasizing the need for grassroots-level understanding and reform.
While the novel resonates with Gandhian principles, it also critically examines certain aspects of Gandhi's philosophy. This nuanced exploration adds layers to the narrative, making 'Untouchable' a powerful literary work that engages with the complexities of caste discrimination and the quest for social justice in the backdrop of pre-independence India, as told through the lens of my interpretation."
OR
Discuss the narrative technique of Raja Rao’s Kanthapura.
Ans:"Kanthapura" by Raja Rao is a classic novel that explores the impact of the Indian independence movement on a rural South Indian village. The narrative technique employed by Raja Rao in "Kanthapura" is distinctive and reflects both traditional Indian storytelling methods and modern narrative techniques.In my reading of Raja Rao's "Kanthapura," I was struck by the distinctive narrative technique that seamlessly weaves together traditional Indian storytelling and modern literary elements.
The use of the oral tradition is particularly noteworthy. The novel unfolds through the voice of Achakka, an elderly woman who serves as the village storyteller. This narrative choice aligns with the rich oral storytelling tradition prevalent in Indian villages, offering readers a sense of communal history and shared experiences.
What caught my attention was the incorporation of the local dialect. Rao's use of colloquial language not only immerses the reader in the cultural nuances of rural South India but also adds authenticity to the narrative. It's as if the characters are speaking directly to us, making the storytelling more intimate and relatable.
Symbolism and mythical elements play a crucial role in the narrative. Characters and events take on symbolic significance, serving as reflections of broader social and political forces during the Indian independence movement. The inclusion of mythical allusions connects the story to a larger cultural and historical context, adding depth and complexity.
The stream of consciousness technique used by Rao allows us to delve into the characters' inner thoughts and emotions. This introspective approach adds a layer of depth to the narrative, providing insights into the complex motivations and struggles of the characters.
What stands out prominently is the communal narration. "Kanthapura" is not just a collection of individual stories; it is a collective experience of a village. The communal voice resonates throughout the narrative, underscoring the interconnectedness of the characters and their shared journey towards independence. It captures the essence of community life and solidarity.
Cultural and religious syncretism is another aspect that fascinated me. Rao seamlessly weaves together diverse religious practices and beliefs, showcasing the harmonious coexistence of different elements within Indian society. This adds richness and complexity to the narrative, reflecting the pluralistic nature of Indian culture.
The cyclical structure of the novel is intriguing. Events repeat, mirroring the cyclical nature of life in a rural village. This approach reinforces the timeless quality of the villagers' struggles and creates a narrative that feels both familiar and enduring.
In summary, Raja Rao's narrative technique in "Kanthapura" blends the traditional with the modern, offering readers a vivid portrayal of rural life, the impact of the independence movement, and the resilient spirit of the community, all through the lens of my interpretation.
3. Comment upon the importance of the character of Raja in Desai’s Clear Light of Day. 20
Ans: In Anita Desai's novel "Clear Light of Day," Raja is a significant character whose presence and actions play a crucial role in shaping the narrative and influencing the lives of the other characters.In my interpretation of Anita Desai's "Clear Light of Day," Raja emerges as a pivotal character, leaving an indelible mark on the narrative and the lives of those around him.
Raja's return to his childhood home becomes a powerful catalyst, stirring the familial dynamics that lie beneath the surface. His presence acts as a trigger, awakening a flood of memories and emotions for his sisters, Tara and Bim. The novel delicately explores how the siblings' lives have unfolded and how they grapple with their identities in the wake of Raja's reappearance.
As a symbol of change and modernity, Raja embodies the shifting landscape of post-colonial India. Having been abroad, his experiences abroad and altered worldview introduce a clash between tradition and modernity. This clash serves as a lens through which the evolving social fabric of India is examined.
Raja's impact on Tara and Bim is palpable throughout the narrative. Tara's unresolved feelings and Bim's complex emotions toward their brother create intricate character arcs. Raja becomes a vessel through which the novel explores the intricate interplay of familial ties, personal growth, and the lasting impact of shared histories.
Memory and nostalgia are intricately woven into Raja's character. His return prompts a journey into the past, unraveling both cherished and painful memories. The narrative skillfully moves between different timelines, using Raja's character as a conduit for exploring the fluid nature of time and the resonance of memories.
The conflicts that arise with Raja's return unveil generational and ideological gaps within the family. His differing worldview creates tensions, contributing to the novel's exploration of personal identity and the ways societal changes shape individual lives.
Raja is not just an individual character; he becomes a narrative device that unveils hidden truths and explores the complexities of family relationships. Through his interactions, the novel delves into themes of identity, memory, and the enduring nature of familial bonds in the context of a transforming India.
In essence, Raja's character in "Clear Light of Day" is a multifaceted lens through which the reader navigates the complexities of family dynamics, societal changes, and the interconnectedness of personal histories.
OR
Write a critical essay on your understanding of Hind Swaraj. What is the relevance of the Hind
Swaraj in the modern day context ?
4. Discuss R.K. Narayan as a short story writer. 20
Ans: "Hind Swaraj," written by Mohandas K. Gandhi in 1909, is a seminal work that articulates Gandhi's vision for true self-rule and his critique of modern civilization. The relevance of "Hind Swaraj" persists in the modern day, as its insights into societal, political, and economic structures offer thought-provoking perspectives on contemporary issues.In my understanding of "Hind Swaraj," Mohandas K. Gandhi's seminal work, its relevance in today's context is striking and thought-provoking. Gandhi's critique of modern civilization, written in 1909, resonates deeply with contemporary challenges.
Firstly, his critique of modern civilization remains relevant as we grapple with the consequences of rapid industrialization, environmental degradation, and the dehumanizing effects of relentless consumerism. Gandhi's foresight into these issues serves as a stark reminder to reconsider the paths we are treading.
Gandhi's concept of non-violent resistance, or Satyagraha, is particularly pertinent in our era marked by global conflicts and social upheavals. The call for peaceful, principled resistance echoes in movements advocating for justice, equality, and human rights worldwide, offering a timeless approach to addressing societal issues.
The emphasis on decentralization and self-sufficiency in "Hind Swaraj" aligns with contemporary efforts towards sustainable development. In a world increasingly aware of the need for local empowerment and community resilience, Gandhi's vision of self-reliant villages becomes a relevant guide for navigating global challenges such as climate change and economic inequality.
The cultural and moral renewal advocated by Gandhi is of utmost importance in our current ethical landscape. In a world facing ethical dilemmas, cultural clashes, and a sense of moral void, "Hind Swaraj" reminds us of the critical role of ethical considerations in political and economic decision-making.
For many developing nations, "Hind Swaraj" holds significant relevance as a framework for post-colonial societies seeking to define their identity and chart a course of sustainable development independent of Western models.
Gandhi's concerns about the consequences of globalization find resonance in today's discourse. The homogenizing effects of global economic forces, erosion of local cultures, and the dominance of multinational corporations are issues that echo in ongoing debates about the impact of globalization on societies and economies.
In conclusion, "Hind Swaraj" endures as a profound critique of modernity and a blueprint for ethical governance. Gandhi's vision, rooted in principles of non-violence, decentralization, and moral integrity, serves as a compelling guide for examining and addressing the challenges facing the world today. As we navigate environmental crises, social inequalities, and moral quandaries, "Hind Swaraj" stands as a timeless source of inspiration, prompting us to reevaluate our values and systems for the collective well-being of humanity, as seen through my interpretation.
OR
Discuss Ruskin Bond as a short story writer with special reference to ‘‘No Room for a Leopard’’ ?
Ans: As I delve into Ruskin Bond's world of short stories, particularly the enchanting narrative of "No Room for a Leopard," I am struck by the unique blend of simplicity, realism, and timeless themes that characterize Bond's storytelling.
Bond's narratives often unfold against the backdrop of the majestic Indian Himalayas, and "No Room for a Leopard" is no exception. The vivid descriptions of Garhwal immerse readers in the natural beauty of the setting, making the landscape almost a character in its own right.
What stands out is Bond's ability to capture the essence of ordinary lives. In "No Room for a Leopard," the protagonist Baldeo's encounters with a disruptive leopard are portrayed with authenticity and emotion. Bond's storytelling doesn't just recount events; it paints a genuine picture of the human experience, making it relatable and engaging.
Childhood, a recurring theme in Bond's stories, takes center stage in "No Room for a Leopard." The narrative skillfully transports readers to the innocence and curiosity of youth, creating a sense of nostalgia that resonates universally. The adventures of Baldeo become a reflection of the wonder and simplicity of childhood, adding depth to the narrative.
Human relationships are another dimension that Bond masterfully explores. In the midst of the leopard encounters, the story delves into the emotional intricacies of fear, courage, and survival. These elements enrich the characters and contribute to the story's resonance.
The delicate balance of humor and pathos is a signature feature of Bond's storytelling, and it shines through in "No Room for a Leopard." Even in the face of danger, there's a touch of humor that adds a nuanced layer to the narrative. This interplay of emotions enhances the storytelling experience.
Examining the broader theme of human-animal conflict in the story, Bond captures the complexity of coexistence. The leopard becomes a symbol of the untamed forces that exist alongside human civilization, and this theme echoes in many of Bond's works, reflecting the intricate relationship between nature and humanity.
Bond's narrative style is marked by directness and engagement. The simplicity of language doesn't compromise the depth of the narrative but, in fact, enhances its impact. Readers are invited into the story, connecting with the characters and their experiences on a personal level.
In conclusion, "No Room for a Leopard" and Ruskin Bond's short stories endure as timeless tales that resonate with readers. The exploration of universal themes, the charm of rural life, and the insights into human nature make his stories relevant and cherished. As I reflect on Bond's storytelling, it becomes clear that his narratives are not just glimpses into the landscapes of India but windows into the shared human experience.
5. Discuss Rushdie’s novel Midnight’s Children as a postcolonial novel. 20
Ans: As I explore Salman Rushdie's "Midnight's Children," it's evident that the novel stands as a poignant representation of postcolonial literature, delving into the intricate complexities of India's journey after gaining independence. From the very outset, the novel is deeply entrenched in the historical tapestry of post-independence India, navigating through significant events that shaped the nation.
One of the central themes of the novel is the exploration of national identity. Through the protagonist Saleem Sinai and other children born at the moment of independence, Rushdie skillfully captures the diverse and multifaceted nature of India's identity. The characters, hailing from various regions and cultural backgrounds, serve as symbolic embodiments of the nation's rich heterogeneity.
Cultural hybridity, a hallmark of postcolonial literature, is vividly present in "Midnight's Children." The novel portrays the blending of indigenous and colonial influences, reflecting the dynamic and syncretic cultural landscape of postcolonial India. This cultural fusion is not merely a backdrop but an integral aspect of the characters' identities and the larger narrative.
Rushdie's linguistic innovation is striking. The narrative is a linguistic mosaic, woven with a rich blend of English and Indian languages. This linguistic tapestry mirrors the multilingual reality of postcolonial India and adds a layer of authenticity to the storytelling. The novel's structure, with Saleem as a storyteller, pays homage to oral traditions inherent in many postcolonial cultures.
The exploration of power dynamics is a compelling aspect of the novel. It delves into the political and social shifts that occur in the aftermath of colonial rule. The characters grapple with issues of power, oppression, and resistance, offering a nuanced portrayal of the evolving socio-political landscape of post-independence India.
Magic realism, a literary device synonymous with postcolonial literature, finds its place in "Midnight's Children." Saleem Sinai's supernatural abilities and the fantastical elements in the narrative serve as metaphorical expressions of the complexities embedded in postcolonial identity and history.
Moreover, the novel critically interrogates the lasting legacy of colonialism. It questions the enduring impact of British rule, exploring how the trauma and disruptions of the colonial period continue to reverberate through postcolonial society.
Crucially, Rushdie gives voice to marginalized perspectives. The characters from diverse backgrounds provide a counter-narrative to the dominant historical discourse, emphasizing the importance of acknowledging and amplifying the voices of those historically marginalized.
In essence, "Midnight's Children" is not just a novel; it's a vibrant tapestry woven with the threads of postcolonial India. As I journey through its pages, I find myself immersed in a narrative that skillfully captures the complexities of identity, history, and power in the wake of colonial rule, making it a timeless contribution to the postcolonial literary landscape.
OR
Comment on the plot of Mahesh Dattani’s Tara
Ans:
